Cosmological models in scale-independent energy-momentum squared gravity

Scale-independent EMSG is a particular model of energy–momentum squared gravity (EMSG) in which the new terms Einstein field equations arising from theory enter with same power as usual Einstein–Hilbert part action. However, violates local conservation and matter-current general hence, permits process matter creation/annihilation an expanding universe. Consequently, scale factor dependencies energy densities are modified by dimensionless parameter ?. We revisit some nostalgias such static universes de Sitter/steady state universes. reproduce original ones, moreover, present novelties, e.g., spatially flat universe, Sitter expansion negative vacuum energy, steady presence arbitrary fluids constant equation (EoS) other than dust, etc. also investigate possible dynamics dust dominated radiation Depending on value ?, dust/radiation universe exhibits power-law accelerated/decelerated expansion, corresponds to or may end big rip. In framework anisotropic cosmology, we Barrow’s quiescent stiff fluid extend it EoS parameter. relax condition for isotropic initial singularity (big bang) owing that effectively allows ultra-stiff parameters.